challenge - v. to say or show that (something) may not be true, correct, or legal

dissent - n. a statement by a judge giving reasons why the judge does not agree with the decision made by the other judges in a court case

proclamation - n. an official statement or announcement made by a person in power or by a government

inflict - v. to cause someone to experience or be affected by (something unpleasant or harmful)

uphold - v. to judge to be correct: to decide not to change