位置:首页 > 英语语法 > 语法讲解
重点中学英语语法讲义-主谓一致
日期:2017-09-19

重点中学英语语法讲义-主谓一致 

一、概说

主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称与数的方面与主语保持一致。主谓人称一致的问题比较简单,因为除动词be和have有不同的人称变化外,其他动词只有单数第三人称一般现在时加词尾-s 或-es。至于谓语与主语数的一致问题,则比较复杂,本章主要讨论谓语与主语数的一致问题。

二、主谓一致的三个原则

1. 语法一致原则

该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式,动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,动词用复数形式:

Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。

Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法语。

2. 意义一致原则

有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概论,而不是其语法形式:

This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。

Watch out! The police are coming. 当心,警察来了。

3. 就近原则

有时,谓语动词的的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语:

Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。

Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。

三、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题

1. 通常用作复数的集合名词

police(警察),people(人),cattle(牛,牲口)等集合名词,总是表示复数意义,用作主语时,其谓语要用复数:

The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。

People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。

Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。

注:goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式,且只表示复数意义:

Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。

All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。

2. 只用作单数的不可数集合名词

clothing(衣服),poetry(诗歌),baggage / luggage(行李), furniture(家具),machinery(机械),scenery(景色),jewellery(珠宝),equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词,表示单数意义,用作主语时,其后谓语动词用单数形式:

Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。

The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。

All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。

3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词

family(家庭),team(队,队员),class(班,班上的全体学生),crowd(人群),government(政府),crew(乘务员),committee(委员会),audience(听众),public(公众)等集合名词,当它们表示整体意义时,表单数意义,当它们强调个体意义时,表示复数意义:

Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。

Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。

The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。

The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。

It was late, but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了,但听众人数却在增加。

The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。

注:有时没有特定的语境,用单复数谓语均可以:

The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。

The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。

四、并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题

1. andboth...and连接的并列主语

谓语动词通常用复数:

Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和玛丽都对此感兴趣。

Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹俩都是大学生。

注:(1) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时,谓语用单数:

Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。

No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。

(2) 当and连接两个数相加时,谓语动词可用单数或复数:

Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。

(3) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时,谓语通常要用单数:

A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。

2. or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等连接的并列主语

谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致(即遵循就近原则):

He or I am wrong. 不是他错了,就是我错了。

Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。

Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不仅孩子们想去,母亲也想去。

注意这类句型的疑问句形式:

Were you or he there? 当时是你还是他在那儿?

Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你还是怪他?

注:在非正式文体中,个别结构(如neither…nor)连接主语时,谓语可用复数:

Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和妈妈都没来。

 

 


 1/4    1 2 3 4 下一页 尾页