Including China, many countries and regions, under the unified anti-doping regulation World Anti-doping Code, moved to crack down on doping with more stringent measures apart from traditional drug tests.

Italian Francesco De Bonis became the first cyclist to be given a doping ban because of discrepancies in his biological passport.

Unlike conventional tests, which can detect the presence of a banned substance, the biological passport monitors swings in blood parameters that may indicate manipulation.

The ground-breaking biological passport system, which was pioneered by cycling's world governing body UCI in 2008, may become a strong weapon to catch drug cheats even if they have never been tested positive.

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